Parents provide both home environments and genes. Untangling those influences is one of the biggest challenges in developmental research.

➕ In our new preprint, we examined how the home math environment (HME) relates to children’s arithmetic fluency development from Grades 1–3.

🎲 Informal play-based math activities (e.g. games) were linked to stronger arithmetic development, whereas more formal instruction and homework help were linked to poorer outcomes — possibly because parents increase formal support when children struggle.

🧠 We also found that parents who struggle with maths tended to have children who struggle, suggesting that dyscalculia may run in families.

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